Cartographic representations restricting life chances due to disinformation and manipulation can be described as dysfunctional. For example, the development and dissemination of digital cartography, in different development stages, has shown to be functional. It includes established terminology which can be applied to the development of cartography. Normatively, this article bases on Ralf Dahrendorf’s concept of life chances. This interpretation takes up the sociological topic of deviance. Based on the recently developed approach of 'post-critical cartography', this article addresses how developments in cartography can be interpreted functionally, dysfunctionally, afunctionally, and metafunctionally.
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